India is developing a powerful new nuclear reactor for its next-generation submarines, in a move widely seen as a response to China’s rapidly growing naval presence in the Indo-Pacific.
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai is leading the “top-secret” project, which aims to produce a 200-megawatt electric (MWE) pressurized light-water reactor fuelled by enriched uranium, according to reports in Indian media. The reactor will power the country’s planned S5-class ballistic missile submarines and six nuclear attack submarines under Project 77.
The design and computer simulation phases have been completed, clearing the way for production, according to Defence.in. The new reactor is said to be highly fuel-efficient, capable of running for up to a decade before needing refueling.
India’s current nuclear-powered submarines – including INS Arihant and INS Arighaat – use a smaller 83 MWE reactor, which limits their underwater endurance and mission duration. The new 200 MWE system is expected to double their operational capability, enabling the next-generation fleet to patrol deeper and remain submerged for significantly longer.
The S5-class submarines will be among the largest in India’s fleet, with an estimated displacement of 13,000 tons. They are expected to carry 12 to 16 K-5 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) with a range of up to 5,000 kilometers (3,100 miles), giving India a more credible second-strike capability.
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Analysts say the upgrade represents a significant boost to India’s nuclear triad – the land, air, and sea-based components of its deterrent force. Submarines are regarded as the most survivable leg of the triad, capable of launching a retaliatory strike even if land-based and air-based assets are neutralized in a first attack.
India’s decision comes as China expands its naval power at a rapid pace. Beijing is expected to have the world’s largest submarine fleet by 2030, surpassing the United States in numbers. Many of these submarines are equipped with increasingly sophisticated nuclear and conventional weapons, raising concerns for regional security.
Alongside the submarine program, BARC is reportedly developing a larger 555 MWE reactor and a High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor for hydrogen production. The Indian Navy is also preparing a tender for four large landing platform dock (LPD) warships, which will be capable of launching fixed-wing drones and serving as offshore command centers.
